STARS Open Water Diver Manual

Index

Orientation
Transform into a Fish on Your Holidays
Certificate of Fitness for Diving
Certification Card (C-Card)
 
Dive Equipment
Mask
Snorkel
Fins
Gloves/Boots
Diving suits
Weights
Tank
Regulator
Backup Scuba
BC
Gauge
Other Equipment 1
Other Equipment 2
Other Equipment 3
Equipment Setup
Equipment Maintenance
 
Underwater Environment
Topography and Artificial Structures 1
Topography and Artificial Structures 2
Ocean Conditions 1
Ocean Conditions 2
Poisonous Sea Life 1
Poisonous Sea Life 2
Aggressive Sea Life
 
Underwater Physiology
Light and Color
Sound
Drag/Buoyancy
Heat Absorption
Air Composition
Breathing and Circulation Mechanism
Diver Breathing /Air Consumption
Pressure
Pressure and Gas Volume
Lung Over-expansion Injury
Air Embolism
Gas Poisoning
Hyperventilation
Skip Breathing
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
The Human Body’s Air Spaces
Squeeze and Equalization
Specific Squeeze Types
Reverse Block and Equalization
Specific Body Air Cavities and Reverse Block
 
Plan and Rules
Diving Site Selection
Leader and Member
Buddy System
Equipment
Health Maintenance
Refresher Course
Cancellation and Modification
Emergency Plan
Communication
Air Consumption Ratio
Dive Table
Change of the internal nitrogen quantity
Comparison of the internal nitrogen quantity
Constitution of the Dive Table
No-decompression Dive Limit
Residual Group
Surfacing Time
Nitrogen Disappearance Time
Surface Interval Time
No-decompression Dive Limit for the second diving
Residual Nitrogen Time
Residual Group for the second diving
Decompression Stop
Safety Stop
Time Until Safe To Fly
Other attention
Work Sheet
Making a Dive Plan
Multi-Level Diving
Manners
 
Diving Skills
Donning Snorkel Set
Snorkel Clear
Fin Work
Donning the Weight Belt
Head First
Equipment Setup
Entry
Descent
Regulator Clear
Mask Clear
Regulator Recovery
Buoyancy Control
BC Donning and Removal
Weight Belt Donning and Removal
Equipment Release
Dealing with Emergencies 1
Dealing with Emergencies 2
Dealing with Emergencies 3


Dealing With Emergencies 1


■Leg Cramps

Cramping is common due to factors like sudden exercise and cold from cold water, so warming up and wearing appropriate dive wear are the first line of defense. If you develop cramps, massaging the affected muscle is very effective. Afterwards, trying a different kick style and speed will help prevent a reoccurrence.

Grab your fin tip and stretch your leg muscles.



■Panic

If you let small troubles and worries affect you too much, increased respiration and heart rate will lead to breathing problems and a loss of self-control. In that case, stop, take hold of something like a rock, and breathe slowly to calm yourself down.




■Octopus Breathing

Hold onto each other with your right hand (you’ll need your left for BC control). Keep eye contact, receive the octopus, and slowly and safely ascend to the water’s surface. If the dive buddy uses the Air 2 or similar combined octopus/inflator-type of equipment, you receive the regulator and your buddy switches to the combined octopus/inflator.

In the case of a combined octopus/inflator

In the case of a combined octopus/inflator (on the left)



■Pony Bottle

Generally used near the water’s surface, having a pony bottle is not an excuse for poor air monitoring, since the amount of air available is small. If your dive buddy has an out-of-air emergency, you can hand off the bottle and slowly and safely ascend to the surface in sync, but there is no need to hold on to each other in this case.



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